5 Deadly Sins to Avoid on Your Road to Finding a Job

5 Deadly Sins to Avoid on Your Road to Finding a Job When you’re looking for a vocation, it very well may be enticing to surrender and start to question yourself. It tends to be troublesome particularly if all signs point towards disappointment. Here are 5 lethal sins you ought to keep away from on your street to getting a new line of work. 1. Don’t be afraidDon’t dread disappointment orâ what individuals think. You can’t change the likelihood of it is possible that; you can just confuse yourself. Give everything, and everybody, your absolute best. Act naturally and endeavor to be just as acceptable as you can be, at that point better. There will be things you can’t control, however center around what you can do and take comfort that in any event you won’t be keeping yourself down unnecessarily.2. Don’t let anybody mention to you what to doIf you wind up attempting to settle on significant choices to satisfy notable individuals throughout your life, make a stride back. In the event that it composes, down what all the voices in your mind are stating. Record their upsides and downsides so you can get rid of your own.â 3. Don’t slackNo matter your latent capacity, on the off chance that you don’t put the work in and get yourself out there, you’ll never break those hindrances. Practice more, work more earnestly, and keep an inspirational mentality even despite hindrances. Here and there going ahead when you sense that you can’t is the last step.4. Don’t ease upMaybe you’re upbeat enough where you are. In any case, is it extremely worth taking a chance with your most out of this world fantasies for â€Å"happy enough† or making due with â€Å"good enough†? Never be happy with where you are. Remain hungry. Remain positive. Watch out for the prize.5. Don’t give upThis is a piece of the â€Å"don’t fear failure† step. Disappointment can really be helpful. It can give you what you have to defeat the last impediments, make the alterations, and set yourself destined for success for progress.

Homosexuality in U.S. free essay sample

Review of societys evolving sees; taking a gander at legitimate logical issues, political activism and the issue of AIDS. This paper is an investigation of the present comprehension about homosexuality, the state where an individual is explicitly pulled in to individuals from their own sexual orientation rather than to individuals from the other gender. Assessments change in regards to the level of the populace that can be characterized as gay; a few specialists trust it might be as high as 10 percent yet recognize that the exact number is difficult to decide since social and cultural marks of disgrace keep on making a transparently gay way of life troublesome and agonizing. While as of late as the mid 1970s homosexuality was named a mental issue by the American Psychiatric Association, most of researchers presently concur that sexual direction is resolved essentially by a people qualities. Be that as it may, numerous families, social orders, composed religions, and legitimate frameworks proceed to..

Essay on Juvenile Cases

Essay on Juvenile Cases Juvenile Cases Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Juvenile Cases: Shawns Incident It was on 25th December 1998 when Shawn, a 16-year-old boy, attacked and stabbed his father repeatedly with a knife in Los Altos, a neighborhood of California. Shawns father received stab wounds on his arms, neck and head as a result of his sons attack. The puzzling issue about the attack was the fact that there was not concrete reason that could have explained the motive behind Shawns attack on his father. Both Shawn and his father had a history of having a cordial relationship; therefore, it was difficult to ascertain what prompted Shawn to attack his father. However, it emerged that Shawn had been using Marijuana. When confronted by the police over his actions, Shawn seemed not to be aware that he had attacked and stabbed his father. As a result of the attack, Shawn was taken to court on attempted murder charges. His prosecutors filed papers that intended to take Shawns trial to an adult court instead of the juvenile one. If Shawn was found guilty of the attempted murder charges, he would have faced a compulsory imprisonment that would have ranged from 15 years to a life sentence.

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History

Lowbrow is a movement - slowly gaining momentum - that doesnt necessarily care if The Art World recognizes it as such. What matters to Lowbrow is that most of us average people do recognize it. Anyone who has ever watched cartoons, read Mad magazine, enjoyed a John Waters film, consumed a product with a corporate logo or possessed a sense of humor shouldnt have a hard time getting comfy with Lowbrow. Lowbrow-the-Movement has here been assigned a circa of 1994, as that is the year that Lowbrow artist extraordinaire Robert Williams founded Juxtapoz magazine. Juxtapoz showcases Lowbrow artists and is currently the second best-selling art magazine in the U.S. (This seems like a good time to mention, too, that Williams claims copyright on the word Lowbrow. As both pioneer and current grandee of the movement, he is certainly entitled.) The roots of Lowbrow, however, go back decades to Southern California hotrods (Kustom Kars) and surf culture. Ed (Big Daddy) Roth is frequently credited with getting Lowbrow, as a movement, underway by creating Rat Fink in the late 1950s. During the 60s, Lowbrow (not known as such, then) branched out into underground Comix (yes, that is how it is spelled, in this context) - particularly Zap and the work of R. Crumb, Victor Moscoso, S. Clay Wilson and the aforementioned Williams. Over the years, Lowbrow has unapologetically picked up influences from classic cartoons, 60s TV sitcoms, psychedelic (and any other type of) rock music, pulp art, soft porn, comic books, sci-fi, B (or lower) horror movies, Japanese anime and black velvet Elvis, among many other subcultural offerings. The Legitimacy of the Lowbrow Art Movement Well, The Art World seems to get to decide these things. Time will tell. Its worth noting, however, that The Art World didnt cotton to many movements when they first emerged. The Impressionists endured years of lampooning by art critics - many of whom probably went to their graves kicking themselves black and blue for not buying early Impressionist works. Similar stories exist about Dada, Expressionism, Surrealism, Fauvism, the Indian River School, Realism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood...aw, gee whiz. Itd be easier to list the times The Art World got in on the ground floor of a movement, wouldnt it? If the test of time for legitimacy (as an artistic movement) means that Lowbrow speaks/spoke, in visual terms, to the millions of us who share a common cultural, symbolic language - albeit a lower or middle class, media-driven language - then, yes, Lowbrow is here to stay. Anthropologists will probably study Lowbrow in the future, to attempt to figure out late 20th and early 21st U.S. societal influences. Characteristics of Lowbrow Art Lowbrow was born of underground or street culture.The single most common tactic that Lowbrow artists employ is to poke fun at convention. They know the rules of art and consciously choose not to abide by them.Lowbrow art has a sense of humor. Sometimes the humor is gleeful, sometimes its impish and sometimes its born of sarcastic comment, but it is always present.Lowbrow draws heavily on icons of popular culture, particularly those now commonly known as Retro. Tail-end Baby Boomers will recognize them straight away​ unless said Boomers were raised in an environment that disallowed outside influences.Lowbrow, while it is defining itself, goes by a number of aliases: underground, visionary, Neo-Pop, anti-establishment and Kustom are but several examples. Additionally, John Seabrook has coined the phrase Nobrow, and one has also seen the term Newbrow.For the time being, most Lowbrow art isnt sanctioned by the critical/curatorial/gallery-going mainstream. The few exceptions to thi s seem to be happening primarily in the greater Los Angeles area, with a smattering of southern Florida exhibitions thrown in. Juxtapoz magazine is the best bet for becoming acquainted with Lowbrow artists.Lowbrow currently suffers something of an identity crisis, due to having a wide variety of artists lumped into it. For example, the designer of a simple, kitschy decal may be accorded the same Lowbrow designation as the artist who composes a technically masterful Lowbrow painting or sci-fi sculpture. Hopefully, this will sort itself out in years to come. Meanwhile, you might want to begin collecting Lowbrow now, for the sakes of your grandchildren.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay - 1360 Words

On December 10th in 1948, the general assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration, although not legally binding, created â€Å"a common standard of achievement of all people and all nations†¦to promote respect for those rights and freedoms† (Goodhart, 379). However, many cultures assert that the human rights policies outlined in the declaration undermine cultural beliefs and practices. This assertion makes the search for universal human rights very difficult to achieve. I would like to focus on articles 3, 14 and 25 to address how these articles could be modified to incorporate cultural differences, without completely undermining the search for human rights practices. Article 3, of the Universal Declaration of†¦show more content†¦When alerting the international human rights policies, it is integral that the language used to create the articles is concise and defined; leaving no room for interpretation based on cultural differences. Article 25, in the Declaration of Human Rights, states â€Å"every human has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services† (Goodhart, 380). Article 25 could create disputes surrounding cultural structures, such as caste systems in India. Supporters of the caste system could argue that individuals are born into their positions and according to their beliefs are not entitled to a â€Å"specific† standard of living. However, I argue that when this cultural belief is applied to Article 25 it is a radical perspective. The provisions outlined in Article 25 allow for social classes and inequalities to occur. Therefore, the culturally ingrained caste systems in India can still function, as long as the lowest class is provided with a standard of living necessary to survive. I argue that Article 25 is a human right, and cultures who do not wish to abide by this specific human right are using culture as an excuse for repression. The other article that I would like to address in relation to human rights and cultural differences is Article 14. This article deals with refugees seeking asylum in another country. Article 14 states thatShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany would never happenRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN gene ral assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right is an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by law† and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fully dedicatedRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights892 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rigths is an essential component of a tolerant and individually satisfied society. They are created to defend people’s dignity, equality and liberty. However, for thousands of years people lived with no garanteed rights, until 1948, when United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is the Universal Declaration of Human Rigths really universal to all states and humans living in them? I am going to argue if Human Rights should or should not be unically adapted to differentRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights875 Words   |  4 PagesI feel that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) does have a western bias. Many people look to US for guidance, but not many other nations copy our way of life. States can sign treaties, but they cannot be reassured that the other nation will keep its word. The US and the UN should maybe not be engaging in promoting western society, but they should be engaging in promoting the protection of human rights. The UN UDHR fought for minimal rights in 1948 by identifying three types of generationsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Universal Human Rights869 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Assembly (UNGA) set forth a declaration of universal human rights. The goal was to set a common standard of rights based on â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.† It was meant to become the perfect social contract but unfortunately was not upheld even by the signatory nations themselves. Many critics now looking b ack have cited the overreaching ideals as the downfall of the declaration but yet many have responded saying it

Buying Vs Renting Free Essays

When doing some budget computations it is important to determine the options that one has. Shelter is one of the necessities in life that a person needs. However, the house that a person can live in is either rented or owned. We will write a custom essay sample on Buying Vs Renting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before renting or buying anything a person must evaluate his options. What are the different benefits of owning and renting a house would give a person? Is there any difference between the two? Which is more convenient for a person? These are the questions that a person has in mind before choosing to buy or to rent. This is not only applicable to the home, buying versus renting is also applicable in the business. For a manufacturing company, there is this question of whether to buy new machines to produce a certain product or to rent the services of another company for subcontracting. The company or the person usually considers the monetary aspects of the alternatives to buy or to rent. The decision to buy or to rent depend on the income flexibility of the company or the person who would be buying or renting. To buy something means that a person or a company claims ownership of something. This can be ownership of a house and a lot, ownership of a property or ownership of a machine. Buying means acquiring equity or an asset. If a person buys a property, the person is obligated to pay for expenses like Property Taxes and Special Assessments, Insurances for the house, Utilities Bill, Maintenance of the house, Association fees frm home owner’s organization, and membership fees to some services such as Cable TV and recreational facilities. These examples are taken from the website of Ginnie Mae. In renting a house or a property, the price of the rent depends on the owner of the said property or house. The owner sets the price for the rent. The rent is fixed monthly. However, according to the computation done by Ginnie Mae, the price rent increases annually by 5%. Seeking out the initial outlay of money, renting does not need a large amount. Renting is given to the owner of the article or the property at a certain time. The only obligation of the person renting is to pay for the bills. This had brought about the issue on whether which is better renting or buying. There are several conditions to determine which is better. When a person buys a property, there is the fact that the owner of the property had invested their money. Properties can be sold and prices can rise over time. A place that has a large increase in value is very beneficial to the owner of the house. On the other hand, the person who is renting would never gain anything out of renting. As Ms. Weston is saying in her article â€Å"Why its smarter to Buy than Rent†, Renting makes the person poor because no matter what the person do, the longer he rents the harder it is to acquire a property and thus, the person’s value is reduced. Weston had shown a table regarding the average net worth of homeowners vs renters. This is shown in Appendix A. As can be seen in the table, the value of homeowners is very different than that of the renters. Based on the table, it can be seen that income of a person under 16,000 has a value of $500 for the renters and $ 73,000 for the homeowners. The difference is very obvious. The reason to this according to Ms. Weston is that the value of the house rises over time and because of this, the value of homeowners goes higher as compared to that of the renters which are stagnant. The benefits of buying include acquisition of assets or equity. The person gains a sense of community, stability and security. The owner feels this because having a house means having roots. When a person owns a property or a house, the owner is free to change the landscape, decorations and surroundings of the said property. Buying does not also have the dependence of the owner to the landlord in terms of maintenance. It is up to the owner on whether he or she would be maintaining the property or not. (www. ginniemay. gov, 2006, Buy vs Rent Comparison Chart) However, if there are advantages there are also disadvantages in considering housing. The owner of a property or the house must be responsible for the maintenance and bills for the home. IF the owner does not have the money for the maintenance and repairs of the house, then the owner must depend on what he currently has. As stated earlier, property owners are obliged to pay for property taxes. In economics, a value of a certain thing or place depends on several reasons. There are times that the value of the land goes up high fast however, there is also the time when the value of the land goes really down. Losses can be acquired by the owner of the property if the price of the property devaluates. Another thing that can cause a disadvantage to homeowner is the mobility. It is harder for homeowners to transfer from one place to another as compared to the renters. (www. ginniemay. gov, 2006, Buy vs Rent Comparison Chart) How to cite Buying Vs Renting, Papers

Old woman Essay Example For Students

Old woman Essay The poem Old Woman written by Iain Crichton Smith, conveys powerful emotions, of which the reader is made aware through the poets use of various literary techniques, particularly imagery and word choice. Crichton Smith cleverly provokes the reader to feel sympathetic towards the old woman and her husband. Iain Crichton Smith begins his poem in a slightly peculiar way he uses the word And to begin: And she, being old, fed from a mashed plate. By the use of this continuing word, Crichton Smith tells the reader that this process is ongoing; it has happened before and it will, most likely, happen again. Also in this first line, the reader is told that the old woman is not capable of feeding herself and does not have the strength to chew as her food must be mashed for her. Crichton Smith also uses a transferred epithet here as he refers to the plate as mashed. By Ian Crichton Smiths use of these literary techniques, and the context in which he uses them, he successfully provokes the reader to feel strong emotions of pity for the old woman. Throughout the first verse, the reader is given information through the poets use of imagery and word choice telling them that the woman is dying. For example: as an old mare might droop across a fence The poets use of the word droop has connotations of lifelessness and lack of energy, and the image of the fence acts as a boundary a barrier between life and death. This adds to the sympathy the reader has for the old woman as she is clearly not enjoying her life. The concept of death is further emphasized in the second stanza, cleverly conveyed through the poets use of imagery. Crichton Smith exploits the phrase, wings among the gradual crops to represent people and the inevitability of death. This thought of death returns a powerful emotion of sadness and even fear to the reader. The narrator himself is brought into the poem in the third stanza, where he refers to his own powerful emotions which reflect upon the reader. There I sat, imprisoned in my pity and my shame. By his use of the word imprisoned, Crichton Smith tells the reader that his movements and actions are restricted, provoking a strong emotion of rage. Also, referring to his pity and shame shows that he feels sorry for himself and the dying old woman. These powerful emotions are reflected upon the reader as they now feel sorry for the narrator in his despair and confusion. Almost all of the fourth stanza conveys strong powerful emotions through a theme of desperation. In the first two lines of this verse, the reader is given an image of the husband holding his dying wife in his arms, and pleading with God to save her: Pray God, he said, we ask you God, he said. The bowed back was quiet. Through the writers use of repetition in the first line, the reader is shown the husbands desperation for his wifes survival and also his lack of faith. Yet, moving into line three of this stanza, the reader is shown the desperation of the old woman: I saw the teeth tighten their grip around a delicate death. This desperation of the old woman is not for survival, but for death. The reader is shown the old womans want for death as she tightens her grip around it. This, again, encourages the reader to feel pity and sympathy for the old womans suffering and the husbands sorrow over his wifes death. .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a , .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .postImageUrl , .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a , .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:hover , .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:visited , .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:active { border:0!important; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:active , .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf30ba0ffca9803a7896d2e1cea649e4a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and contrast how Seamus Heaney and Carol Ann Duffy EssayIn the last line of the final stanza, the writer refers to the deaths of people as the many waves of the sea: too many waves to mark two more or three. This is the writers way of telling the reader that there are so many deaths happening all over the world that it goes unnoticed to the rest of the world, and one persons death is almost counted as insignificant. This line also tells the reader about the inevitability of death and how there is absolutely nothing we can do to prevent it. Again, this brings back the readers mixed emotions of sadness and fear. In conclusion, I found the poem Old Woman, by Iain Crichton Smith incredibly thought-provoking, and also quite emotionally disturbing. By Iain Crichton Smiths use of various literary techniques, he successfully creates a vivid image of the old womans death, which effectively provokes the readers emotions.

How Hitler Compares to Stalin

Table of Contents Plan of Investigation Summary of evidence Evaluation of sources Analysis Conclusion Works Cited Plan of Investigation This paper seeks to investigate and compare leaders of countries that were â€Å"single party states† (Weinberg 23, par 2). Therefore Hitler who ruled Germany and Stalin who ruled Russia about the same time will be compared in terms of the leadership styles and the overall effects they had on their respective societies.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on How Hitler Compares to Stalin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hitler led by Nazism which can be identified as a form of fascism while Stalin was a communist, however, their effects on their respective societies is significantly comparable (Bullock 3). It is important to note that both countries (the USSR and Germany) were single party states. Summary of evidence Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin â€Å"(1878-1953) was th e General Secretary of the communist party of the Soviet Union’s central committee for 31 years since† 1922 to 1953. (Gellately 57) He won this elective position mainly due to the important role he played in the Soviet Revolution. Initially the post of General Secretary was not so powerful in the party; however, following the death Vladimir Lenin who had led the communist party from 1917, Stalin strengthened the opposition by eliminating opposition within the party (Bullock 4). During his semi retirement times, Lenin had written disparaging statements about Stalin. He was particularly against Stalin’s rise to power due to his behavior, which he described as being rude, ambitious and power hungry (Harrison 137). To strengthen his influence in the party Stalin formed an alliance with allies Zinoviev and Kamenev who were members of the central committee in the party. After the death of Lenin, Zinoviev and Kamenev began to disagree with Stalin, thereafter they found themselves isolated as Trotsky (Bullock 45). In the years that followed, Stalin gained a lot of power such that he begun to run the party as a one man show. In the 1930s he spearhead radical economic reforms that saw the Soviet Union take a U turn from the near capitalist state it was becoming (Kuper 134).Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His policies are thought to have been the main cause of the deadly famine that caused millions of deaths between 1932 and 1933. As time went by Stalin consolidate a lot of power, he orchestrated the expulsion of several members from the party, subjecting some of them to banishment and execution (Lewis 34). For instance, he executed Kirov because he was becoming more popular. Later in the same year Stalin passed a new law on â€Å"Terrorist organizations and terrorist acts† (Harrison 138, par. 2). After the passing of the law, multiple trials followed by torture, deportation or execution took place in Moscow and elsewhere in the USSR by operatives of the NKVD. Most of the original members of Lenin’s cabinet were executed during this purge. The NKVD detentions and executions grew to include all opposition groups, all foreigners and the peasant farmers who were seen as an outlawed class (Snyder 135). An estimated number of between 3 and 30 million people are thought to have been killed during the terror. Stalin died in 1953. Adolf Hitler (1889- 1945) â€Å"was the leader of the National Socialist German workers party (NSDAP) or Nazi and the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945† (Kershaw 5, par.6). Hitler begun to rise after the First World War in which he had excelled as a fighter. He ventured into politics as an extremist angered with the way Germany was being ruled. Hitler later took part in an attempted coup, imprisoned for five years but later released after a year. Following his release Hitler decide d to follow the long legitimate path to power. While in prison Hitler wrote the book â€Å"Mein Kampf†, a book that played major role in his rise(Payne 23). The Nazi party had no solid philosophical basis and its ideology was much likened to fascism. It however had some basic principles which depicted it as being; socialistic, totalitarian, anti democracy, anti communist, anti Semitic and anti international capitalism (Weinberg 34).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on How Hitler Compares to Stalin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A series of conspiracies, manipulations, threats, promises, alliances and betrayals saw Hitler become an all powerful head of state. Hitler moved fast to effect national socialism in Germany. Sweeping reforms were undertaken to boost industry and agriculture to win support for Hitler. The education system was changed to favor National Socialism. Judges and other workers were onl y employed if they favored Nazism. The Arrests and punishment of political prisoners was undertaken by the SS (a special security force) (Bullock 169). The persecution of Jews in Germany begun after Hitler took power in 1933. It started by wide spread arrests and public humiliation by members of the SA or the brown shirts (Harrison 65). Initially the Jews were excluded from the civil service, their shops and buildings smashed or looted and boycotted. The final solution for the Jewish problem was organized by the Nazi in 1941 through mass deportations into extermination camps. At the end of Hitler’s reign up to five million Jews had been killed (Snyder 35). Hitler’s quest to regain all German speaking nations led to the Second World War in which over 50 million people were killed. Hitler committed suicide in 1945 following the Germany’s defeat in the Second World War (Weinberg 201). Evaluation of sources Two important books were used in this analysis. The first b ook which is titled â€Å"Conflicts the Twentieth century† offers a precise account of all the conflicts that took place in the last century (Harrison 1). The book written by Scott Michael Harrison offers a detailed factual description of the events surrounding conflicts in the last century. The book has visual illustrations that have been carefully selected. The illustrations indeed clarify and provide more evidence to the written accounts.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The book is also reinforced by direct quotations from written accounts by individuals who witnessed the events. On Hitler and Stalin, the book provides a detailed account of events complete with the dates, pictures and description of the symbols. For instance, the four arms of the Swastika are described as meaning: Nationalistic; Totalitarian and anti-democratic; Anti-Semitic; socialistic and against foreign nationalism. The book provides accounts of what the leaders ideologies were about. For instance, the Chapters on Adolf Hitler have several excerpts from his book â€Å"Mein Kampf† (Harrison 68, par. 8). For instance, to show how Hitler hated the Jews, this quote has been lifted from the book, â€Å"Was there any shady undertaking, any form of foulness, especially in cultural life, in which at least one Jew did not participate?† (Harrison 68, par 9)Similar detailed accounts are given on Stalin. The book is not biased in its approach but it gives a sort of summary of the events that took place. The second book used for this analysis is titled â€Å"Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives† (Harrison 46). The book which is written by Allan Bullock offers a detailed biography of the two men who can be described as the most evil in the 20th century. The book offers a precise description of how the two lives are indeed parallel. In different chapters, the book describes how the two sought, achieved and then used power for their own evil nature (Bullock 2). Through the chapters that are reinforced by quotes from first account sources the book describes how the two men legitimately rose to power. This book is a valuable source as it concentrates on the two leaders who are coincidentally the focus of this investigation. However, the book may be biased as it is mainly seen to draw comparisons between the two leaders. A list of other vital sources has been used in this investigation to support what has been identified in the two main books. Analysis The re is no doubt that the leadership of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are comparable in many aspects. Hitler can be said to use the Fascist political ideology to wage war on the Jewish population in Germany and elsewhere. However, he did not stick with the Fascist principle that requires the commitment to the interests of the nation, and thus he is seen to have been hell bend in seeking to control the entire Europe (Harrison 69, par 5). Nazism, which can be described as a variety of fascism was the main ideology with which Hitler’s Nazi party ruled. It was characterized by biological racism and anti-Semitism (Bullock 23). The Nazi ideology that proclaimed the supremacy of the Aryan race was hell bent on creating a powerful pure Aryan nation. Thus the Jews were seen as the greatest stumbling block in the attainment of this object. Stalin did not stick to the basic principles of communism that entails free association and common ownership of means of production. Stalinism betray ed the communism ideology by hiding into the fact that he was adapting to the changing needs of the Soviet society (Kuper 5). Stalin applied the theory of class struggle to repress hi political opponents. It’s important to note that both Hitler and Stalin had secret security agents or forces, the SS and the NKVD respectively (Overy 56). The SS was mainly used to; instill fear in people and discourage opposition, and systemically perpetuate atrocities against the Jewish. The NKVD was initially used to crush opposition but was subsequently expanded to commit atrocities against civilians, especially those of foreign origin. The analysis of Hitler and Stalin cannot be limited to there adherence to party ideology a lone as the two are arguably remembered as the most evil leaders of the twentieth century. The two leaders committed crimes against humanity which can be described as wholesale destruction of civilian life in their societies. However, there rise to power was similar in many fashions. Both were veterans of war in their respective countries. Hitler was a war Veteran in the First World War while Stalin had played an important role in the Soviet revolution. They were also master politicians who, in their quest for power adhered to the rule of law and endured years of patience with precise strategies and manipulations (Weinberg 5). A clear distinction comes in the nature of their ambition. Whereas Hitler seemed to be obsessed with keeping Germany pure while expanding his rule into other neighboring countries, Stalin was more concerned with consolidating power within the USSR and with timid foreign ventures. It’s easy to point out that the two men were so much attached to what they perceived as their important historic roles in the realization of new order in their respective nations (Bullock 112). Stalin was particularly skeptical about the motives of other political figures and he would detain torture or execute them. In the end both Hitler and Stalin caused a lot of suffering for their own people and were responsible for the deaths of millions of people they were supposed to safeguard as leaders (Bullock 120). It’s imperative to note that the two leaders ruled in same time and even signed a pact, and fought each other in the Second World War. Conclusion This paper sought to investigate how Hitler compares to Stalin in terms of leadership style and effects of their leadership to their respective societies. It has been identified that Hitler and Stalin were leaders of single party states namely Germany and Russia respectively. Hitler ruled by Nazism which can be identified as a form of Fascism while Stalin’s Russia had communism (Kuper 33). Both leaders came to power through legitimate means but ended up being dictators who caused untold suffering to their own people. Their leadership was characterized by systematic elimination of civilians by terror squads that operated as special security forces. In the end each of them had committed crimes against humanity in their countries and beyond and the two were responsible for the deaths of millions of people (Bullock 44). Works Cited Bullock, Allan. Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993. Print. Gellately, Robert. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe . London: Knopf, 2007. Print. Harrison, Scott Michael. World Conflict in the Twentieth century . London: Macmillan, 1987. Print. Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. New York: Arnold publishers, 2006. Print. Kuper, Leo. Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. Yale : Yale University Press, 1982. Print. Lewis, Robert. The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1994. Print. Overy, Richard. The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge, 1999. Print. Payne, Stanley. A history of Fascism. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1995. Print. Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books , 2010. Print. Weinberg, George. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1995. Print. This assessment on How Hitler Compares to Stalin was written and submitted by user Nixon Hurley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Negro Baseball League Timeline

Negro Baseball League Timeline The Negro Baseball Leagues were professional leagues in the United States for players of African descent. At its height of popularity- from 1920 through World War II- Negro  Baseball Leagues were an integral part of African-American life and culture during the Jim Crow Era.   1859: The first documented baseball game between two African-American teams is played on November 15 in New York City. The Henson Baseball Club of Queens played the Unknowns of Brooklyn. The Henson Baseball Club defeated the Unknowns, 54 to 43. 1885: The first African-American professional team is founded in Babylon, NY. They are named the Cuban Giants. 1887: The National Colored Baseball League is established, becoming the first professional African-American league. The league begins with eight teams- the Lord Baltimores, Resolutes, Browns, Falls City, Gorhams, Pythians, Pittsburgh Keystones, and the Capital City Club. However, within two weeks the National Colored Baseball League will cancel games as a result of poor attendance. 1890: The International League bans African-American players, which will last until 1946. 1896:  The Page Fence Giants club is established by Bud Fowler. The club is considered one of the best teams in early African-American baseball history because players toured in their own railroad car and played against major league teams such as the Cincinnati Reds. 1896: The United States Supreme Court upholds Louisianas separate but equal laws concerning public facilities. This decision affirms racial segregation, de facto segregation, and prejudice throughout the United States. 1896: The Page Fence Giants and Cuban Giants play a national championship. The Page Fence Club wins 10 out of 15 games. 1920: At the height of the Great Migration, Andrew Rube Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants organizes a meeting with all the Midwest team owners in Kansas City. As a result, the Negro National League is established. 1920: On May 20, the Negro National League begins its first season with seven teamsthe Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and Cuban Stars. This marks the beginning of the Golden Era of Negro Baseball. 1920: The Negro Southern League is established. The league includes cities such as Atlanta, Nashville, Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Chattanooga. 1923: The Eastern Colored League is established by Ed Bolden, owner of the Hilldale Club, and Nat Strong, owner of the Brooklyn Royal Giants. The Eastern Colored League consists of the following six teams: Brooklyn Royal Giants, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, Lincoln Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, and the Cuban Stars. 1924: The Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League and the Hilldale Club of the Eastern Colored League play in the first Negro World Series. The Kansas City Monarchs win the championship five games to four. 1927 - 1928: The Eastern Colored League faces many conflicts between various club owners. In 1927, New Yorks Lincoln Giants left the league. Although the Lincoln Giants returned in the following season, several other teams including the Hilldale Club, Brooklyn Royal Giants, and Harrisburg Giants all left the league. In 1928, the Philadelphia Tigers were brought into the league. Despite several attempts, the League disbands in June of 1928 over player contracts. 1928: The American Negro League is developed and includes the Baltimore Black Sox, Lincoln Giants, Homestead Grays, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, and the Cuban Giants. Many of these teams were members of the Eastern Colored League. 1929: The stock market crashes, placing financial strains on many facets of American life and business, including Negro League baseball as ticket sales slump. 1930: Foster, founder of the Negro National League dies. 1930: The Kansas City Monarchs end their ties with the Negro National League and become an independent team. 1931: The Negro National League disbands after the 1931 season as a result of financial strains. 1932: The Negro Southern League becomes the only major African-American baseball league operating. Once considered less lucrative than other leagues, the Negro Southern League is able to begin the season with five teams including the Chicago American Giants, Cleveland Cubs, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, and Louisville White Sox. 1933: Gus Greenlee, a business owner from Pittsburgh forms the new Negro National League. Its first season begins with seven teams. 1933: The inaugural East-West Colored All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago. An estimate 20,000 fans attend and the West wins, 11-7. 1937: The Negro American League is established, uniting the strongest teams on the West Coast and south. These teams included the Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago American Giants, Cincinnati Tigers, Memphis Red Sox, Detroit Stars, Birmingham Black Barons, Indianapolis Athletics, and St. Louis Stars. 1937: Josh Gibson and Buck Leonard help the Homestead Grays begin its nine-year streak as champions of the Negro National League. 1946: Jackie Robinson, a player for the Kansas City Monarchs, is signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. He plays with the Montreal Royals and becomes the first African-American to play in the International League in more than sixty years. 1947: Robinson becomes the first African-American player in major league baseball by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers. He wins National League Rookie of the Year. 1947: Larry Doby becomes the first African-American player in the American League when he joins the Cleveland Indians. 1948: The Negro National League disbands. 1949: The Negro American League is the only major African-American league still playing. 1952: More than 150 African-American baseball players, most from the Negro Leagues, have been signed to Major League Baseball. With low ticket sales and a lack of good players, the era of African-American baseball comes to an end.

English - Tennesse Williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English - Tennesse Williams - Essay Example The spiritual needs of an individual, as well as his moral principles and inner believes are relevant to this talented playwright. The most impressive characters of his plays are Maggie from  Cat on a Hot Tin Roof  and the character of Stanley Kowalski from the play A Streetcar Named Desire (Gross, 2002). Williams made an emphasis on the necessity to explore the inner word of people. All misfortunes come from human misunderstanding. This was his main claim and in such a way, there is a possible way to prevent blindness in the hearts of people in case they live in mutual understanding. He became popular in 1927, but his career was often criticized by his father, who worked at the international shoe company (Rogal, 1987). The prototypes of his main characters were taken from his life experience and his work at the International Company as well (September. On Stage, 1994). Williams is a deep and a profound philosopher and a psychologist of human souls. The best play was published in 1944 and it The Glass Menagerie. This play is referred to as the playwright's personal experience (Wolter, 1995). Williams had a strong-willed mother, who even allowed making a lobotomy to his sister Rose. Thus, Williams converges his life with his plays and mergers his plays with his life. That is his power. The Pulitzer Prize was acknowledged to him in 1948 for  A Streetcar Named Desire (Dowling, 1981). ... During the period of his depression he struggled with his drug and alcohol addiction. Like every talented man, he was searching for inspiration and his muse. Therefore, the plays of the playwright are full of in-depth considerations about the inner world of an individual. They are focused on negative sides of a human nature. The author thinks that in negative emotions an individual is able to perceive an outer world and his inner world better. His main characters experience degradation, moral challenges, problems of an individual’s choice and many other dramatic issues. His plays may be described as nightmares, because the author is not shy to depict the negative and destructing side of a human nature. His own anxieties are projected on his plays. Therefore, Williams considers emotions to be an integrative part of a human life. Emotions are fragile for him and there is a need to concentrate on them in order to perceive the essence of emotions and penetrate into the depths of a n individual’s inner world. Moreover, Williams underlined the privacy of emotions and there is a cruel outside world, where all people live. He often associated main characters of his plays with animals in order to show their emotions in a more acute manner. Animals are unable to analyze their emotions, but feel deep, as well as people do. Therefore, is not it surprising that all human beings are self-concentrated, but their selfish emotions contribute much to their self-analysis. Another interesting note to be made about Williams is to determine the role emotions played in his life. His family created a favorable atmosphere for his growing up and he was able to focus on his inner world and not on external turmoil. That is why Williams feels a nature of men and women, depicted in his plays

Production Chain and Sector Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Production Chain and Sector Matrix - Essay Example 13) in firms. In reaction to the low profits and high cost of capital in the 1980s and 1990s, several firms embarked on a wave of financialisation - creating, buying, or expanding financial subsidiaries to acquire financial assets - for the purpose of giving management greater flexibility in managing earnings, creating shareholder value, and satisfying the capital markets (p. 34). Most publicly listed firms, therefore, were "pressured" to show good results on a regular basis using the basic language familiar to capital markets: stock price reflects shareholder value that is a function of operating efficiency, lower expenditures, growth in turnover and earnings, and a steady flow of dividends. The more consistent the numbers, the better, as Froud et al., (2005) pointed out in their study of the American company GE. The main challenge to managements in a financialised universe of firms was to make ambitious strategic plans and deliver consistently on their promises. Firms became slaves to a ruthless capital market that, with a single recommendation, can punish poor performers by depressing a firm's stock price and raising its cost of capital. In a world obsessed with financial performance, managements searched for suitable analysis and planning tools. The production chain and the sector matrix were two of the many that, in this age of globalisation and management fads, were developed to help firms map out value-creation strategies. We explain each briefly, then compare and differentiate them with examples. The Matrix The matrix is a strategic tool that presents in a grid or table the strategic factors affecting the firm. The coordinates of the grid can vary, as shown in examples of two well-known models. The first is H. Igor Ansoff's product/market expansion grid or matrix (Ansoff, 1957) that recommends four strategies (market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification) a firm can adopt to grow or increase its turnover depending on the life cycle of the firm's new or current products and markets. The other is the Boston Consulting Group's Market Growth-Share matrix (Henderson, 1970, 1976a, 1976b) designed to help the firm identify businesses/product types by market share (an indicator of the firm's ability to compete) and market growth (indicator of market attractiveness). Firms, in effect, can manage their businesses as a portfolio of investments, much like a bank or an investor would hold, buy, or sell financial instruments. Firms that want to grow should hold or buy stars (high growth and high share businesses) or cows (low growth, high share, cash generating businesses), sell dogs (low growth and share), and think of what to do with question marks (high growth, low share, needs cash injections, but risky). Example of Matrix Use A prime example of how the matrix was used for strategic management is recounted in the study (Froud, et al., 2005, pp. 8 and 38) of General Electric (GE) that, with the help of consulting firm McKinsey and Co., adapted the BCG matrix and developed its own Nine-Cell Industry Attractiveness-Competitive Strength Matrix (Thompson and Strickland, 2001, 327-330), a three-by-three grid that mapped out alternative business positions and attractiveness of markets, on which are superimposed several scaled circles representing different markets and their sizes and showing the firm's market share within each market (See Figure 1). [Insert Figure 1 here] GE claimed that the matrix provided at a glance

Optical and Surface Studies of α-Al2O3 Powders

Optical and Surface Studies of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 Powders X-Ray Diffraction, Optical and surface studies of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders synthesized via single step solution combustion method ABSTRACT ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders were synthesized at 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C via solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique using urea as an organic fuel. The sample was characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Optical spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) without any further thermal treatment. XRD study reveals that sample crystallized directly in the hexagonal ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 phase from combustion reaction. Average crystallite size of 37.6 nm was calculated using Debye-Scherrer’s formula. A band gap of 5.68 eV was estimated using diffuse reflectance spectra. Under various UV excitations (260 nm and 400 nm), the sample exhibits a strong emission peak at 693 nm. For surface investigation X-ray photo electron spectroscopy of sample was carried out. XPS survey scan of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 reveals that no other impurity phases were present in the as synthesized sample which supports the results obtained from XRD. Further to understand the chemical states of Al and O, core level spectra of Al -2s and O-1s were studied. INTRODUCTION Among all the known crystallographic phases of alumina, ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 is the only stable phase. It represents a ceramic material with a large number of technological importances. This is mainly due to its versatile properties, such as: high melting point, thermal shock resistance, excellent mechanical strength at room temperature and high temperature, large band-gap, hardness and abrasion resistance, chemical inertness [1]. These extra ordinary properties are responsible for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 to be used in various applications such as spark-plugs, ballistic armours [2], abrasives, bioceramics [3], cutting tools [4], electronic components and substrates [5], thermo luminescent dosimeters [6], refractory materials, composite materials [7]. Moreover the compounds and composites of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 also have wide range of applications in various industrial areas such as high-density ceramics [8, 9], biocompatible ceramics [10], and thermal barrier coatings with low thermal conductivities [11, 12]. The h igh temperature-resistant of Al2O3 coatings have various applications in space and energy production technologies [13]. Since 1961 polycrystalline transparent alumina (Al2O3) has found various optical applications [14]. Single phase ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 nanopowders are also important component for solid state fabrication of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) transparent laser ceramics [15, 16]. There are several techniques used for the synthesis of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. In literature there are reports available for the synthesis of single-phase ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders using urea [1, 17–19], carbohydrazide [20] or hydrazine [21] as fuels, without any further heat treatments. Several authors have reported two step method for the synthesis of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 such as reverse micelle [22], sol–gel processing [23], flame spray pyrolysis [24] which require calcinations at 1000–1100 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C to obtain completely phase pure ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. In the present paper, we report the optical and surface properties of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder by the low temperature solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique. Urea was used as an organic fuel for combustion because it has proven to be the best fuel for combustion of aluminum nitrate [1, 17]. EXPERIMENTAL ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders were synthesized by low temperature solution combustion synthesis (SCS) using urea as a fuel. The starting materials for the synthesis of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 were high-purity aluminum nitrate nonahydrate [Al (NO3)3.9H2O] and urea (H2NCONH2) from Merck Chemicals, India. The reagents were weighed according to the chemical reaction given in equation (1) in the molar stoichiometric ratio of 2:5. The oxidizer to fuel ratio was calculated using the oxidizing and reducing vacancies of reactants in equation (1). For a complete combustion reaction the ratio of oxidizer () and fuel () should be unity, because at this ratio maximum heat is produced. The weighed reactants were mixed in agate mortar by adding few drops of deionized water at room temperature till the solution transform into a transparent viscous gel. The gel was transferred to a Borosil beaker and then introduced to a preheated muffle furnace around 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. The gel undergoes rapid dehydration with evolution of large amount of gasses and burns with an incandescent flame yielding voluminous white product. The whole combustion process was completed within 2-3 minutes. The beaker was then taken out and the resultant product was grounded into a fine powder and was characterized without any further treatment. The crystalline structure and particle morphology of the combusted powders were investigated using a standard diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance) in the ÃŽ ¸ –2ÃŽ ¸ geometry with scanning step of 0.02à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° and Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ »=1.5406 Ã…). Diffused reflectance spectrum was recorded using ISR assembly attached with Shimadzu UV-2600 D ouble beam spectrophotometer in the region 190-1400 nm. The spectral features like photoluminescence excitation and emission (in phosphorescence mode) spectra were measured using a Cary-Eclipse spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu) equipped with a Xenon lamp used as an excitation source. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement was performed using Omicron energy analyzer (EA-125) with Al KÃŽ ± (1486.6 eV) X-ray source. The background vacuum in the analyzer chamber was of the order of 10-10 Torr during the XPS measurement. All these characterization were carried out at room temperature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 XRD The crystal structure and phase purity of the as synthesized Al2O3 powders were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Fig.1. shows the XRD patterns of as synthesized Al2O3 powders recorded in a wide range of Bragg angle 2ÃŽ ¸ (20 ° ≠¤ 2ÃŽ ¸ ≠¤ 90 °). All the observed diffraction peaks can be indexed with the hexagonal phase of bulk ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 referenced in the JCPD’s file no. 71-1123 with space group R. No other impurity peaks were observed in the as synthesized powder neglecting the presence of any other phase other than ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. These XRD patterns were in good agreement with the earlier published reports by Robert Ianos et al. [1] and Laishram et al. [17] for the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 phase. The lattice parameter calculated from XRD pattern were (a = b= 4.755 Ã…, c =12.985 Ã…) which were very close when compared with the unit cell of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 (a = b= 4.761 Ã…, c =12.99 Ã…, JCPDs file No. 71-1123). The crystallite size was calculated using Debye-Scherer formula [25] where D is the crystallite diameter, ÃŽ » is the wavelength of x-ray source used (Cu KÃŽ ± = 0.1506 nm), is the full width at half maxima (FWHM) of an individual peak at 2ÃŽ ¸ (where ÃŽ ¸ is the Bragg angle) and is characteristic of the instrument broadening. Fig.1. XRD pattern of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders at 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C along with the stick patterns for the JCPDS file no. 71-1123 Three most intense peaks were selected for the calculation of particle size and calculated particle size for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 was 37.6 nm. 3.2 Spectral Study Fig. 2 shows the diffuse reflectance and the absorption spectra of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) compound was used as a reference standard during the measurement. In both spectra a sharp band around 220 nm is observed which corresponds that light having this particular wavelength was absorbed. Fig.2. The diffuse reflectance and absorption spectra of the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders. Calculation of bandgap. Kubelka–Munk (K–M) [26] theory was used for the calculation of bandgap of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders using diffused reflectance (DR) spectrum. In a DR spectrum, the ratio of the light scattered from a thick layer of sample and an ideal non-absorbing reference sample is measured as a function of the wavelength ÃŽ », [26, 27]. The relation between the DR of the sample, scattering coefficient (S) and absorption coefficient (K) is given by where is the Kubelka–Munk or remission function. The linear absorption coefficient ÃŽ ± and the band gap of a material is related through the well-known relation known as Tauc relation [28]: 3 where hÃŽ ½ is the photon energy and C1 is a constant of proportionality. When incident light is illuminated at 60à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °, the material scatters perfectly in a diffuse manner then absorption coefficient K becomes equal to 2ÃŽ ± i.e. . Considering the K-M scattering coefficient S as constant with respect to wavelength, and using equations (2) and (3), the following expression can be written: 4 Obtaining the value of from Eq. 2 and plotting versus, the value of is obtained by extrapolating the linear fitted regions to Figure 3 shows the square of the optical absorption times the photon energy as a function of photon energy for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders. In the present case (ÃŽ ±-Al2O3), the band gap was estimated around 5.68 eV. Aguilar et al. [29] calculated an optical energy band gap of 5.63 eV for Al2O3 films deposited on quartz substrate. Fig.3. Energy bandgap calculation of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 using K-M functions. Photoluminescence Fig. 4 (a) shows the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 recorded at an emission wavelength of 695 nm, the excitation spectra consists of a broad band centered at 400 nm. Fig. 4 (b) shows the PL emission spectra of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 monitored at excitation wavelengths of 260 nm and 400 nm respectively. An intense peak at 693 nm is observed. Similar results were also observed by Kaplyanskiiet al. [30] and Nagabhushana et al. [31] for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. Kaplyanskiiet al. [30] suggest that this emission peak may be due to crystal lattice belonging to the ÃŽ ± phase of Al2O3. Fig.4. Photoluminescence spectra of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 (a) excitation recorded at ÃŽ »emm = 695 nm and (b) emission recorded at ÃŽ »ext = 260 nm and 400 nm. 3.3 Surface Studies In material science, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has proved to be a powerful analytical technique that can be used to study the elemental composition and the oxidation states. Figure 5 shows the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey scan of the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders. The XPS survey scan of the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 indicates that only Al, O and C are present in the sample corresponding to their binding energies. Carbon was the only impurity present in the sample which was expected. The positions of various photoemission peaks are marked in the survey scan corresponding to the elements present in the as synthesized sample. To further understand the chemical states of Al and O ions in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder we have further performed the detailed scan for O-1s and Al-2s core spectra. The value corresponding to C 1s peak (284.6 eV) was used as a reference for spectrum analysis. Fig.5. Survey Scan of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder. Figure 6 shows the XPS detailed scan for the O-1s core level. The raw data was fitted with combined Gausssian Lorentzian functions. The fitted peak shows only one prominent peak which is centered at 529.70 eV and is attributed to the Al-O bonding in the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 structure. Figure 7 shows the narrow scan for the Al 2s core level. Only one peak is observed after fitting which is centered at 118.95 eV. These narrow scan spectra of O-1s and Al-2s shows that all the O2- ions are bonded to Al3+ ions in the sample. Thus the chemical state of Oxygen and Aluminum is -2 and+3 respectively in the lattice. Rotole et al. [32] observed O-1s peak at 530.68 eV and Al-2s peak at 118.93 eV for standard ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. The difference in the binding energies may be due to the highly insulating nature of the sample. Fig. 6 XPS core level spectra of O 1s in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder. Fig. 7 XPS core level spectra of Al 2s in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder. Conclusion In summary, the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders were successfully prepared by low temperature solution combustion method with metal nitrate reactants and urea as organic fuel. The XRD results confirm that hexagonal phase of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 could be obtained directly by combustion method at 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C without any further treatment. The band gap of sample was calculated using diffused reflectance spectra and it was found estimated 5.68 eV. Under UV excitations, the powders exhibit a strong emission peak around 693 nm. XPS results show that as synthesized powders were free from impurities. The core level spectra of Al-2s and O-1s reveals that chemical state of Al and O is +3 and +2 respectively in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors humbly acknowledged Director, UGC-DAE CSR Indore for providing experimental facility. The authors are thankful to Dr. M. Gupta for XRD measurements. The authors are grateful to Mr. A. Wadikar for helping in XPS measurements. REFRENCES R. Ianos ¸ I. Lazau and C. Pacurariu, J. Mater. Sci. 44, 1016 (2009). A.Y. Badmos and D.G. Ivey, J. Mater. Sci. 36, 4995 (2001). D. Gitknecht, J. Chevalier, V. Garnier and G. Fantozzi, J. Eur. 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Castillo, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 1945 (2006). J. Li, Y. Wu, Y. Pan, W. Liu, L. An, S. Wang and J. Guo, Front. Chem. Eng. China 2, 248 (2008). K. Laishram, R. Mann and N. Malhan, Ceramic International 38, 1703 (2012). T. Mimani, Resonance 5, 50 (2000). T. Mimani and K.C. Patil, Mater. Phys. Mech. 4, 134 (2001). C. C. Chen and K.T. Huang, J. Mater. Res. 20, 424 (2005). O. Ozuna, G.A. Hirata and J. McKittrick, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 16, 2585 (2004). J. Chandradass and D.S. Bae, Mater. Manuf. Proc. 23, 494 (2008). F. Mirjalili, M. Hasmaliza and L. Chuah Abdullah, Ceram. Int. 36, 1253 (2010). A.I.Y. Tok, F.Y.C. Boey and X.L. Zhao, J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 178, 270 (2006). B.D. Cullity, Element of X-ray Diffraction, second ed., Addison-Wesley, MA (1972). A. E. Morales, E. S. Mora and U. Pal Rev. Mex. Fis S 53, 18 (2007). S. Som and S.K.Sharma, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45, 415102 (2012). R.A. Smith, Semiconductors, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, (1978). M. A. Frutis, M. Garcia and C. Falcony, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1700 (1998). A. A. Kaplyanskii, A. B. Kulinkin, A. B. Kutsenko, S. P. Feofilov, R. I. Zakharchenya and T. N. Vasilevskaya, Phys. Solid State 40, 1310 (1998). K. R. Nagabhushana, B. N. Lakshminarasappa and Fouran Singh, Bull. Mater. Sci. 32, 515 (2009). John A. Rotole and Peter M.A. Sherwood , Surface Science Spectra 5, 11 (1998).

Adrienne Rich’s 21 Love Poems Essay

In â€Å"Twenty-One Love Poems† by Adrienne Rich, each poem helps us understand her life. We as the readers get a â€Å"sneak peak† at the struggles she faces due to an almost ‘doomed’ love affair she has with another woman. The settings of her poems take place in Manhattan which she refers to as the â€Å"island of Manhattan† many times. There is a transitioning from beginning to end of this short collection of poems. Rich begins her collection with a jolly almost exuberant tone of passion and romance she shares with her lover. In poem IV she states â€Å"I open the mail, drinking delicious coffee, delicious music, my body still both light and heavy with you† (10-12). The speaker here is having physical contact with her lover, juxtaposed to the later poems where the lover is only a memory. The solitude she finds herself in is seen in poem XVIII: â€Å"Close between grief and anger, a space opens where I am Adrienne alone. And growing colderà ¢â‚¬  (13-14). This is the exact point where we find out her sadness and loss she has experienced. I will focus on this side of the spectrum, Adrienne Rich’s transition into solitude. Poem XVIII starts off with rain in the city, and the speaker is at a red light at Riverside. It can be interpreted that the rain is in correlation with her sadness and/or tears as to finding herself at a stop in her life, which is in correlation with the red light she is currently waiting on. This assertion can be made by the lines that follow: â€Å"the more I live, the more I think/ two people together is a miracle† (3-4). She is clearly being judgmental about relationships in general based on her experiences in love. Two people together don’t necessarily have to be viewed as a miracle like she puts it. Two women however, in her time, had to have a hidden love, completely unknown to the outside world. The end result would be that their love for each other would have to always stay hidden, as to why she writes: â€Å"The story of our lives becomes our lives† (7). She continues by telling her lover that she knows her response already, and that it most likely will sound like something some Victorian poet would say. â€Å"†¦ salt estranging sea† is what she pulls from Matthew Arnold’s â€Å"To Marguerite† which is mostly stating that we are all alone no matter the millions of people around us. Rich ends the poem by stating that she is in a state of â€Å"estrangement.† Estrangement is separation resulting from hostility, but in this case the estrangement can possibly be synonymous for a fresh start. What can be very  hard to understand about the ending of this poem is that although â€Å"a clef of light† is visible, Adrienne feels more alone than ever. Although the start of something new can be both, good and frightening for someone, th e start of this new day for Adrienne makes her feel colder than she ever has felt. Rich continues in poem XIX to show the darker side of the â€Å"island of Manhattan.† The poem starts off with a question â€Å"Can it be growing colder when I begin to touch myself again, adhesion pull away?† (1-2) The tone here is grief and an uprising anger. It is interesting to observe that although the speaker is engaging in masturbation, she still feels the coldness that overcame her in poem XVIII. It is bizarre because someone wouldn’t normally associate the act of masturbation with coldness, unless, this event brings up a memory, a memory which gives her an unhappy feeling. She continues by stating that a naked face turns from looking backwards and is now looking to the past for comfort, she is ready to take on what is in front of her: † the eye of winter, city, anger, poverty and death† (5). This new present she is currently facing maybe too much for her to digest. This is why she contemplates if her life is worth living in the following line. She shifts the poem to address her lover by asking her a question. She asks her if she is speaking in a cold manner if she says love isn’t miraculous. This is a transitioning in her state of mind, new profound wisdom enters her and she shares it with us and her lover. She realizes that a relationship consisting of two women â€Å"is a work† just like any other relationship. Thos who are able to be in a healthy relationship can view their efforts as â€Å"heroic in its ordinariness.† The poem ends by Rich telling her love to â€Å"look at the faces of those who have chosen to be in love, that although it takes a lot of hard work, they are in the end happy. Poem XX starts off very ambiguously, with the speaker stating that the conversation she and her lover were supposed to have keeps on replaying in her head. The Fact that it never happened haunts her till this day. She continues the poem by stating that she can distinguish a woman she once loved, the very woman who holds many secrets that built an immense amount of fear. She has tried to speak to this woman on many occasions but her â€Å"expressive head† is a â€Å"dragging down deeper† into a place where she is  unable to make contact with her. The woman she is trying to speak to the entire time is herself. She comes into a self realization that she misses the woman she used to be. In twenty- one love poems, Adrienne Rich gives us a peek into her changing thoughts about love and life. She uses contradictions to parallel the thinking process all of us have with love. There is a change of mind happening throughout all of the poems and this makes the poems and poet appear more â€Å"human-like.† What I mean is that in everyday life people have contradictions about many things and this is how Adrienne Rich does a great idea in humanizing thoughts. Her life is hard to live and she realizes that and so do we. I feel safe to say that she knows its tough but this is a life she has chosen. We experience her hardships in her life through her poetry and we see her transition into solitude. Works Cited Rich, Adrienne. 21 Love Poems http://www.sabrinaaiellophotography.com/files/Complete_21_Love_Poems_by_Adrienne_Rich.htm

An Overview of the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

In a case report presented by Uzun, Ar, Canan, Aktas, & Bas (2007), an 11-year-old boy was admitted to a hospital in Turkey due to complaints about â€Å"loss of vision, speech deficit, learning difficulty, poor balance, and ataxic gait†. Results of the physical examination showed that the boy manifested the following special features: facial dysmorphism, visual problems that included nystagmus or rapid, involuntary movement of the eyes from side to side, poor coordination, being overweight, an extra digit on the left foot, mild mental retardation, among other distinctive characteristics.What the authors (Uzun et al. , 2007) had presented was a usual case of a developmental disorder called Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS). The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), which is a news classification system that focuses on the components of health (Stewart & Rosenbaum, 2003). The ICF also emphasizes the re lationship between health condition and contextual factors, as illustrated in Figure 1 using the ICF model.This document aims to explain the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome in terms of the patients’ body structure & functions, activities, participation, and their limitations. General Description Bardet-Biedl syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition or an inheritable disease involving non-dominant chromosomes (Barnet, Reilly, Carr, Ojo, Beales, & Charman, 2002; Beales, 2005; Beales, Elcioglu, Woolf, Parker, & Flinter, 1999; Chan, Ho, But, & Tse, 1999; Hrynchak, 2000; Uzun et al. , 2007). It was first described by George Bardet and Alfred Biedl in 1920 (Chan et al. , 2000).This syndrome has a prevalence rate of 1/160,000. The cardinal features of BBS as seen in numerous case reports include retinal dystrophy, obesity, cognitive deficit, hypogonadism, polydactyly (Hrynchak, 2000), mental retardation, and renal dysfunction (Beales et al. , 1999; Chan et al. , 2000; Uzan et al, 2007). A rguments regarding the accuracy of the cardinal features emerged and consequently prompted Beales et al. (1999) to conduct a study that aimed to clarify and determine the major criteria for proper diagnosis of the syndrome. According to the results (Beals et al., 1999), individuals diagnosed with BBS must have the following cardinal features: (1) Visual disorders. The individual suffers from rod-cone dystrophy, also known as atypical retinitis pigmentosa, which is characterized by â€Å"night blindness†, loss of peripheral or tunnel vision, loss of central vision in childhood and adolescence, and â€Å"severe visual impairment by adulthood† (The Foundation Fighting Blindness [TFFB], 2000). (2) Limb defects. A widespread condition among individuals with BBS is postaxial polydactyly, or having extra accessory digits in the hands or feet (Beales et al., 1999). Some are born with only one extra finger or toe, but in other cases, the condition is â€Å"present in all four limbs† (Beales et al. , 1999). There were also cases that extra digits were only found in both hands or in both feet (Beales et al. , 1999). In the case study mentioned above, the 11-year-old boy had an extra digit on the left foot (Uzun et al. , 2007). (3) Height and weight. In the survey conducted by Beales et al. (1999) among children who developed BBS with an average age of 9 years old, the average height of males was 1.73 m, which was significantly lower than the average height of males in the general population which was 1. 76 m; the average height of females, on the other hand, measured 1. 62m—a number that was not significantly different from the average height of females in the general population that measured 1. 63 m (Beales et al. , 1999). When it comes to weight, Bardet-Biedl syndrome is widely linked to being obese or overweight (Beales et al. , 1999; Beales, 2005). Obesity was considered by a number of researchers as one of the accepted major criteria of B BS (Barnet et al., 2002; Hrynchak, 2005). Uzun et al. (2007) even addressed obesity in his case study as â€Å"one of the most common features of BBS†. (4) Education. Individuals with BBS exhibit learning difficulties (Beales et al. , 1999) which â€Å"can range from mild cognitive disability to mental retardation† (TFFB, 2000). However, Green et al. (as cited in Hrynchak, 2000) questioned this feature and found that â€Å"when appropriate verbal and performance IQ tests were given, only a minority of patients were found to have a cognitive deficit†.(5) Renal tract abnormalities. The kidney is one of the affected body organs when a person is developed to have BBS (Beales et al. , 1999, Chan et al. , 2000, Hrynchak, 2000). Most patients were found to have structural abnormalities (Beales et al. , 1999, Chan et al. , 2000). Kidney failure has been one of the leading causes of death among individuals with the syndrome (Chan et al. , 2000; Uzun et al. , 2007). The s ymptoms mentioned above are considered the major criteria; however, the descriptions of BBS are not limited to these items.Hypogonadism was considered by some researchers as one of the key features (Hrynchak, 2000); it is described as a structural deficiency characterized by Beales et al. (1999) as having small penises buried in adipose tissue. These concrete descriptions of the major criteria or symptoms for proper diagnosis of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome are one thing; behavioural patterns in patients with the syndrome are another. Beales et al. (1999) were able to include brief descriptions of BBS patients. These â€Å"difficult† behaviours include â€Å"emotional immaturity, frequent volatile outbursts, and poor reasoning† (Beales et al., 1999). They also claim boldly that â€Å"all BBS children preferred fix routines† (Beales et al. , 1999). Barnet et al. (2002) extensively studied the behaviour of individuals with BBS and found, apart from the aforementioned description by Beales et al. (1999), that children with BBS felt â€Å"withdrawn†, â€Å"anxious†, or even â€Å"depressed†. One of the main arguments of the article by Barnet et al. (2002) was the existence of a â€Å"behaviour phenotype† or a behaviour gene. One revelation that fuelled his speculations was the emergence of closely similar behaviour patterns of individuals born with BBS.That is simply one way to explain behaviour. On the other hand, we can find links between affect, behaviour, and cognition to explain why they act the way they do. Consider feelings of withdrawal, anxiety, and depression. These are all negative feelings indirectly pointed towards the self. A person with BBS would want to withdraw from the normal population because of possible shame or fear of encountering ridicule due to other people’s inconsiderate and usually unkind remarks. Anxiety might be felt due to a developed fear of being ridiculed.Depression, which is mo st probably the worst thing a child can feel, might have developed due to low self-esteem and self-worth. They would probably make comparisons between people like themselves who have impairments and people who are declared by society to be normal. One of the most notable behaviour patterns observed was traces of obsessive-compulsive behaviour; as with individuals who are diagnosed with autism, which is another developmental disorder linked to cognitive deficit, those with BBS are most comfortable with a â€Å"fixed routine† (Barnet, 2002).Activities & Limitations in Activities It is an observable fact that the features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome entail a lot of limitations in learning and applying knowledge. First, once the visual problems emerge, they interfere with visual learning, which is an important facet of education since most instructional media are visual. Hrynchak (2000), however, claimed â€Å"early identification of the visual disorder and appropriate educational intervention can be of great benefit in people with this condition†. In the study of Beales et al.(1999), half of the patients received education in a â€Å"special school†; some even further pursued their education and earned university degrees. Visual problems also hamper the day-to-day activities of older patients. Hrynchak (2000) presented the case of a 20-year-old white man with the condition who worked as a janitor. He complained about â€Å"decreasing visual acuity†, specifically, â€Å"missing debris while sweeping†. â€Å"He also had reduced ability to see fine print, difficulty seeing the credits on television, mobility problems (especially judging depth), and difficulty adapting to changing illumination conditions† (Hrynchak, 2000).Hrynchak (2000) also mentioned that majority of individuals become â€Å"legally blind† before the age of 30. Obesity also entails a lot of health risks including heart disease (Beales et al. , 1999). Th is affects the amount of emotional and physical stress the individual is capable of doing. Ataxia, which is characterized by poor coordination, was also found in patients with BBS. This affects how people with BBS move properly. It is probable that obesity is prevalent in some cases because of ataxia, which hinders activities that need proper coordination such as sports and other physical exercises.There is also the matter of speech deficit. Beales et al. (1999) pointed out that there is a problem in language use and vocabulary is limited due to learning difficulties. Participation & Limitations in Participation The case presented by Hrynchak (2000) shows the ability of individuals with BBS to function effectively in society as a working individual. However, Beales et al. (1999) described that â€Å"adult patients are often disinhibited and appear to recognise social cues†. This means that they often find it difficult to relate and mingle with other people.Perhaps this is a c onsequence of feelings of depression and anxiety in childhood brought about by possible ridicule and rejection among peers. Fatherhood is a major societal role that the males will not get to play. Due to hypogonadism, males are infertile and are unable to procreate (Beales et al. , 1999). According to Hrynchak (2000), â€Å"there have been no reports of a man with Bardet-Biedl syndrome having fathered children. † Treatment & Outcome It is an unfortunate matter that this genetic disorder has no known holistic treatment according to The Foundation Fighting Blindness (2000).To perhaps decrease the complications of the condition, one must address each symptom separately. For visual problems, an eye specialist should be consulted to see how the vision could be improved or what adjustments should be made by the patient or by the people around him. Hrynchak (2000) suggested the use of â€Å"field expansion devices† or a guide dog. Poor vision might hamper an individualâ€℠¢s ability to learn, hence, the cognitive disabilities. Learning disabilities, on the other hand, can be overcome with early intervention and had not been a hindrance to those who completed university degress.For renal abnormalities or kidney problems, one can approach a nephrologist or â€Å"a physician that specializes in kidney diseases† (TFFB, 2000). Kidney diseases are usually not detected until the patient undergoes radiological testing or x-ray after being diagnosed with BBS (Hrynchak, 2000). Take note that the leading cause of death among BBS patients is renal or kidney failure. Reference Barnet, S. , Reilly, S. , Carr, L. , Ojo, I. , Beales, P. L. , & Charman, T. (2002). Behavioural phenotype of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Journal of Medical Genetics 39, e76-e76. Beales P. L. (2005).Lifting the lid on Pandora’s box: The Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 15(3), 315-323. Beales, P. L. , Elcioglu, N. , Woolf, A. S. , Parker, D. , & Flin ter, F. A. (1999). New criteria for improved diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Results of a population survey. Journal of Medical Genetics, 36, 437-446. Chan, W. K. Y. , Ho, S. , But, B. , & Tse, W. W. Y. (2000). Renal disease in Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics 5, 34-39. Hrynchak, P. K. (2000). Bardeit-Biedl syndrome. Optometry and Vision Science, 77(5), 236-243. Stewart, D. , & Rosenbaum, P. (2003).The international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF): A global model to guide clinical thinking and practice in childhood disability. Keeping Current, 3(3), 1-8. The Foundation Fighting Blindness. (2000, February). Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Retrieved March 12, 2008, from http://www. blindness. org/pdfs/resources/bardetbiedl. pdf Uzun, H. , Ar, K. , Canan, F. , Aktas, A. , & Bak, M. (2007). A case of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. The Internet Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatology 7(1). Retrieved March 11, 2008, from, http://www. ispub. com/ostia/in dex. php? xmlFilePath=journals/ijpn/vol7n1/ biedl. xml

Organizational Planning And Decision Making - 1342 Words

In modern society a bureaucracy is defined as any system or government where important decisions are made by state appointed officials as opposed to elected officials. In the 1930’s, a German sociologist named Max Weber coined the term bureaucracy as an ideal way of organizing governmental agencies relating to civil service. A bureaucracy represents a governmental hierarchy in which a large number of people effectively work together towards a common goal. Weber’s belief on bureaucracies quickly spread to private organizations as an effective way to organize businesses as well. According to Max Weber, the main characteristics of a bureaucracy include six main principles. The first is that a bureaucracy is a formal hierarchy where an†¦show more content†¦Specialists are typically grouped by their specialty, the type of work they do. This may allow for more efficiency and increased results. The mission is also a very important principle of a bureaucracy. Web er described two types of missions; in-focus and up-focus. If the organization’s mission is an in-focus mission, the mission serves the organization and the people within the organization. The focus is on achieving high profits. If the organization’s mission is categorized as up-focus then the organization’s focus is to serve the agency that runs it, such as the board of directors or stock holders. The bureaucracy operates on the belief that all people within the organization are to be treated equally. The organization does not recognize individual differences. Even people outside the organization, such as customers, are to be treated equally. The organization does not recognize individual differences and purposefully remain impersonal. The last of Weber’s principles is that employment in an organization is based on qualifications. Employees are not arbitrarily selected and hired. They must meet technical qualifications that are outlined at each l evel. A bureaucracy is thought to have many positive aspects. Although many think the red tape that bureaucracies create is a negative aspect, it can also be a positive aspect. Red tape refers to the paperwork that is required to complete a task within a bureaucratic organization. By having